✏️ Editing: reflection.py Read Only

# engine/reflection.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2021 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php

"""Provides an abstraction for obtaining database schema information.

Usage Notes:

Here are some general conventions when accessing the low level inspector
methods such as get_table_names, get_columns, etc.

1. Inspector methods return lists of dicts in most cases for the following
   reasons:

* They're both standard types that can be serialized.
   * Using a dict instead of a tuple allows easy expansion of attributes.
   * Using a list for the outer structure maintains order and is easy to work
     with (e.g. list comprehension [d['name'] for d in cols]).

2. Records that contain a name, such as the column name in a column record
   use the key 'name'. So for most return values, each record will have a
   'name' attribute..
"""

from .base import Connectable
from .. import exc
from .. import inspection
from .. import sql
from .. import util
from ..sql import operators
from ..sql import schema as sa_schema
from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
from ..util import deprecated
from ..util import topological

@util.decorator
def cache(fn, self, con, *args, **kw):
    info_cache = kw.get("info_cache", None)
    if info_cache is None:
        return fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
    key = (
        fn.__name__,
        tuple(a for a in args if isinstance(a, util.string_types)),
        tuple((k, v) for k, v in kw.items() if k != "info_cache"),
    )
    ret = info_cache.get(key)
    if ret is None:
        ret = fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
        info_cache[key] = ret
    return ret

class Inspector(object):
    """Performs database schema inspection.

The Inspector acts as a proxy to the reflection methods of the
    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`, providing a
    consistent interface as well as caching support for previously
    fetched metadata.

A :class:`_reflection.Inspector` object is usually created via the
    :func:`_sa.inspect` function::

from sqlalchemy import inspect, create_engine
        engine = create_engine('...')
        insp = inspect(engine)

The inspection method above is equivalent to using the
    :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.from_engine` method, i.e.::

engine = create_engine('...')
        insp = Inspector.from_engine(engine)

Where above, the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` may opt
    to return an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`
    subclass that provides additional
    methods specific to the dialect's target database.

"""

def __init__(self, bind):
        """Initialize a new :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.

:param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connectable`,
          which is typically an instance of
          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` or
          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`.

For a dialect-specific instance of :class:`_reflection.Inspector`, see
        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.from_engine`

"""
        # this might not be a connection, it could be an engine.
        self.bind = bind

# set the engine
        if hasattr(bind, "engine"):
            self.engine = bind.engine
        else:
            self.engine = bind

if self.engine is bind:
            # if engine, ensure initialized
            bind.connect().close()

self.dialect = self.engine.dialect
        self.info_cache = {}

@classmethod
    def from_engine(cls, bind):
        """Construct a new dialect-specific Inspector object from the given
        engine or connection.

:param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connectable`,
          which is typically an instance of
          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` or
          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`.

This method differs from direct a direct constructor call of
        :class:`_reflection.Inspector` in that the
        :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` is given a chance to
        provide a dialect-specific :class:`_reflection.Inspector` instance,
        which may
        provide additional methods.

See the example at :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.

"""
        if hasattr(bind.dialect, "inspector"):
            return bind.dialect.inspector(bind)
        return Inspector(bind)

@inspection._inspects(Connectable)
    def _insp(bind):
        return Inspector.from_engine(bind)

@property
    def default_schema_name(self):
        """Return the default schema name presented by the dialect
        for the current engine's database user.

E.g. this is typically ``public`` for PostgreSQL and ``dbo``
        for SQL Server.

"""
        return self.dialect.default_schema_name

def get_schema_names(self):
        """Return all schema names."""

if hasattr(self.dialect, "get_schema_names"):
            return self.dialect.get_schema_names(
                self.bind, info_cache=self.info_cache
            )
        return []

@util.deprecated_params(
        order_by=(
            "1.0",
            "The :paramref:`get_table_names.order_by` parameter is deprecated "
            "and will be removed in a future release.  Please refer to "
            ":meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names` "
            "for a "
            "more comprehensive solution to resolving foreign key cycles "
            "between tables.",
        )
    )
    def get_table_names(self, schema=None, order_by=None):
        """Return all table names in referred to within a particular schema.

The names are expected to be real tables only, not views.
        Views are instead returned using the
        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_view_names`
        method.

:param schema: Schema name. If ``schema`` is left at ``None``, the
         database's default schema is
         used, else the named schema is searched.  If the database does not
         support named schemas, behavior is undefined if ``schema`` is not
         passed as ``None``.  For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.

:param order_by: Optional, may be the string "foreign_key" to sort
         the result on foreign key dependencies.  Does not automatically
         resolve cycles, and will raise :class:`.CircularDependencyError`
         if cycles exist.

.. seealso::

:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names`

:attr:`_schema.MetaData.sorted_tables`

"""

if hasattr(self.dialect, "get_table_names"):
            tnames = self.dialect.get_table_names(
                self.bind, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
            )
        else:
            tnames = self.engine.table_names(schema)
        if order_by == "foreign_key":
            tuples = []
            for tname in tnames:
                for fkey in self.get_foreign_keys(tname, schema):
                    if tname != fkey["referred_table"]:
                        tuples.append((fkey["referred_table"], tname))
            tnames = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
        return tnames

def get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names(self, schema=None):
        """Return dependency-sorted table and foreign key constraint names in
        referred to within a particular schema.

This will yield 2-tuples of
        ``(tablename, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ...])``
        consisting of table names in CREATE order grouped with the foreign key
        constraint names that are not detected as belonging to a cycle.
        The final element
        will be ``(None, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ..])``
        which will consist of remaining
        foreign key constraint names that would require a separate CREATE
        step after-the-fact, based on dependencies between tables.

.. versionadded:: 1.0.-

.. seealso::

:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_table_names`

:func:`.sort_tables_and_constraints` - similar method which works
            with an already-given :class:`_schema.MetaData`.

"""
        if hasattr(self.dialect, "get_table_names"):
            tnames = self.dialect.get_table_names(
                self.bind, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
            )
        else:
            tnames = self.engine.table_names(schema)

tuples = set()
        remaining_fkcs = set()

fknames_for_table = {}
        for tname in tnames:
            fkeys = self.get_foreign_keys(tname, schema)
            fknames_for_table[tname] = set([fk["name"] for fk in fkeys])
            for fkey in fkeys:
                if tname != fkey["referred_table"]:
                    tuples.add((fkey["referred_table"], tname))
        try:
            candidate_sort = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
        except exc.CircularDependencyError as err:
            for edge in err.edges:
                tuples.remove(edge)
                remaining_fkcs.update(
                    (edge[1], fkc) for fkc in fknames_for_table[edge[1]]
                )

candidate_sort = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
        return [
            (tname, fknames_for_table[tname].difference(remaining_fkcs))
            for tname in candidate_sort
        ] + [(None, list(remaining_fkcs))]

def get_temp_table_names(self):
        """Return a list of temporary table names for the current bind.

This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently
        only SQLite implements it.

.. versionadded:: 1.0.0

"""
        return self.dialect.get_temp_table_names(
            self.bind, info_cache=self.info_cache
        )

def get_temp_view_names(self):
        """Return a list of temporary view names for the current bind.

This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently
        only SQLite implements it.

.. versionadded:: 1.0.0

"""
        return self.dialect.get_temp_view_names(
            self.bind, info_cache=self.info_cache
        )

def get_table_options(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
        """Return a dictionary of options specified when the table of the
        given name was created.

This currently includes some options that apply to MySQL tables.

:param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

"""
        if hasattr(self.dialect, "get_table_options"):
            return self.dialect.get_table_options(
                self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
            )
        return {}

def get_view_names(self, schema=None):
        """Return all view names in `schema`.

:param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.

"""

return self.dialect.get_view_names(
            self.bind, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
        )

def get_view_definition(self, view_name, schema=None):
        """Return definition for `view_name`.

:param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.

"""

return self.dialect.get_view_definition(
            self.bind, view_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
        )

def get_columns(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
        """Return information about columns in `table_name`.

Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
        column information as a list of dicts with these keys:

* ``name`` - the column's name

* ``type`` - the type of this column; an instance of
          :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`

* ``nullable`` - boolean flag if the column is NULL or NOT NULL

* ``default`` - the column's server default value - this is returned
          as a string SQL expression.

* ``autoincrement`` - indicates that the column is auto incremented -
          this is returned as a boolean or 'auto'

* ``comment`` - (optional) the comment on the column. Only some
          dialects return this key

* ``computed`` - (optional) when present it indicates that this column
          is computed by the database. Only some dialects return this key.
          Returned as a dict with the keys:

* ``sqltext`` - the expression used to generate this column returned
            as a string SQL expression

* ``persisted`` - (optional) boolean that indicates if the column is
            stored in the table

.. versionadded:: 1.3.16 - added support for computed reflection.

* ``dialect_options`` - (optional) a dict with dialect specific options

:param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

:return: list of dictionaries, each representing the definition of
         a database column.

"""

col_defs = self.dialect.get_columns(
            self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
        )
        for col_def in col_defs:
            # make this easy and only return instances for coltype
            coltype = col_def["type"]
            if not isinstance(coltype, TypeEngine):
                col_def["type"] = coltype()
        return col_defs

@deprecated(
        "0.7",
        "The :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_primary_keys` "
        "method is deprecated and "
        "will be removed in a future release.  Please refer to the "
        ":meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_pk_constraint` method.",
    )
    def get_primary_keys(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
        """Return information about primary keys in `table_name`.

Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
        primary key information as a list of column names.
        """

return self.dialect.get_pk_constraint(
            self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
        )["constrained_columns"]

def get_pk_constraint(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
        """Return information about primary key constraint on `table_name`.

Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
        primary key information as a dictionary with these keys:

* ``constrained_columns`` -
          a list of column names that make up the primary key

* ``name`` -
          optional name of the primary key constraint.

:param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

"""
        return self.dialect.get_pk_constraint(
            self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
        )

def get_foreign_keys(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
        """Return information about foreign_keys in `table_name`.

Given a string `table_name`, and an optional string `schema`, return
        foreign key information as a list of dicts with these keys:

* ``constrained_columns`` -
          a list of column names that make up the foreign key

* ``referred_schema`` -
          the name of the referred schema

* ``referred_table`` -
          the name of the referred table

* ``referred_columns`` -
          a list of column names in the referred table that correspond to
          constrained_columns

* ``name`` -
          optional name of the foreign key constraint.

:param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

"""

return self.dialect.get_foreign_keys(
            self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
        )

def get_indexes(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
        """Return information about indexes in `table_name`.

Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
        index information as a list of dicts with these keys:

* ``name`` -
          the index's name

* ``column_names`` -
          list of column names in order

* ``unique`` -
          boolean

* ``column_sorting`` -
          optional dict mapping column names to tuple of sort keywords,
          which may include ``asc``, ``desc``, ``nullsfirst``, ``nullslast``.

.. versionadded:: 1.3.5

* ``dialect_options`` -
          dict of dialect-specific index options.  May not be present
          for all dialects.

.. versionadded:: 1.0.0

:param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

"""

return self.dialect.get_indexes(
            self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
        )

def get_unique_constraints(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
        """Return information about unique constraints in `table_name`.

Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
        unique constraint information as a list of dicts with these keys:

* ``name`` -
          the unique constraint's name

* ``column_names`` -
          list of column names in order

:param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

"""

return self.dialect.get_unique_constraints(
            self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
        )

def get_table_comment(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
        """Return information about the table comment for ``table_name``.

Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``,
        return table comment information as a dictionary with these keys:

* ``text`` -
            text of the comment.

Raises ``NotImplementedError`` for a dialect that does not support
        comments.

.. versionadded:: 1.2

"""

return self.dialect.get_table_comment(
            self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
        )

def get_check_constraints(self, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
        """Return information about check constraints in `table_name`.

Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return
        check constraint information as a list of dicts with these keys:

* ``name`` -
          the check constraint's name

* ``sqltext`` -
          the check constraint's SQL expression

* ``dialect_options`` -
          may or may not be present; a dictionary with additional
          dialect-specific options for this CHECK constraint

.. versionadded:: 1.3.8

:param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

:param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
         use :class:`.quoted_name`.

.. versionadded:: 1.1.0

"""

return self.dialect.get_check_constraints(
            self.bind, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
        )

def reflecttable(
        self,
        table,
        include_columns,
        exclude_columns=(),
        resolve_fks=True,
        _extend_on=None,
    ):
        """Given a :class:`_schema.Table` object, load its internal
        constructs based on introspection.

This is the underlying method used by most dialects to produce
        table reflection.  Direct usage is like::

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table
            from sqlalchemy.engine.reflection import Inspector

engine = create_engine('...')
            meta = MetaData()
            user_table = Table('user', meta)
            insp = Inspector.from_engine(engine)
            insp.reflecttable(user_table, None)

:param table: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` instance.
        :param include_columns: a list of string column names to include
          in the reflection process.  If ``None``, all columns are reflected.

"""

if _extend_on is not None:
            if table in _extend_on:
                return
            else:
                _extend_on.add(table)

dialect = self.bind.dialect

schema = self.bind.schema_for_object(table)

table_name = table.name

# get table-level arguments that are specifically
        # intended for reflection, e.g. oracle_resolve_synonyms.
        # these are unconditionally passed to related Table
        # objects
        reflection_options = dict(
            (k, table.dialect_kwargs.get(k))
            for k in dialect.reflection_options
            if k in table.dialect_kwargs
        )

# reflect table options, like mysql_engine
        tbl_opts = self.get_table_options(
            table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs
        )
        if tbl_opts:
            # add additional kwargs to the Table if the dialect
            # returned them
            table._validate_dialect_kwargs(tbl_opts)

if util.py2k:
            if isinstance(schema, str):
                schema = schema.decode(dialect.encoding)
            if isinstance(table_name, str):
                table_name = table_name.decode(dialect.encoding)

found_table = False
        cols_by_orig_name = {}

for col_d in self.get_columns(
            table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs
        ):
            found_table = True

self._reflect_column(
                table,
                col_d,
                include_columns,
                exclude_columns,
                cols_by_orig_name,
            )

if not found_table:
            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table.name)

self._reflect_pk(
            table_name, schema, table, cols_by_orig_name, exclude_columns
        )

self._reflect_fk(
            table_name,
            schema,
            table,
            cols_by_orig_name,
            exclude_columns,
            resolve_fks,
            _extend_on,
            reflection_options,
        )

self._reflect_indexes(
            table_name,
            schema,
            table,
            cols_by_orig_name,
            include_columns,
            exclude_columns,
            reflection_options,
        )

self._reflect_unique_constraints(
            table_name,
            schema,
            table,
            cols_by_orig_name,
            include_columns,
            exclude_columns,
            reflection_options,
        )

self._reflect_check_constraints(
            table_name,
            schema,
            table,
            cols_by_orig_name,
            include_columns,
            exclude_columns,
            reflection_options,
        )

self._reflect_table_comment(
            table_name, schema, table, reflection_options
        )

def _reflect_column(
        self, table, col_d, include_columns, exclude_columns, cols_by_orig_name
    ):

orig_name = col_d["name"]

table.dispatch.column_reflect(self, table, col_d)

# fetch name again as column_reflect is allowed to
        # change it
        name = col_d["name"]
        if (include_columns and name not in include_columns) or (
            exclude_columns and name in exclude_columns
        ):
            return

coltype = col_d["type"]

col_kw = dict(
            (k, col_d[k])
            for k in [
                "nullable",
                "autoincrement",
                "quote",
                "info",
                "key",
                "comment",
            ]
            if k in col_d
        )

if "dialect_options" in col_d:
            col_kw.update(col_d["dialect_options"])

colargs = []
        if col_d.get("default") is not None:
            default = col_d["default"]
            if isinstance(default, sql.elements.TextClause):
                default = sa_schema.DefaultClause(default, _reflected=True)
            elif not isinstance(default, sa_schema.FetchedValue):
                default = sa_schema.DefaultClause(
                    sql.text(col_d["default"]), _reflected=True
                )

colargs.append(default)

if "computed" in col_d:
            computed = sa_schema.Computed(**col_d["computed"])
            colargs.append(computed)

if "sequence" in col_d:
            self._reflect_col_sequence(col_d, colargs)

cols_by_orig_name[orig_name] = col = sa_schema.Column(
            name, coltype, *colargs, **col_kw
        )

if col.key in table.primary_key:
            col.primary_key = True
        table.append_column(col)

def _reflect_col_sequence(self, col_d, colargs):
        if "sequence" in col_d:
            # TODO: mssql and sybase are using this.
            seq = col_d["sequence"]
            sequence = sa_schema.Sequence(seq["name"], 1, 1)
            if "start" in seq:
                sequence.start = seq["start"]
            if "increment" in seq:
                sequence.increment = seq["increment"]
            colargs.append(sequence)

def _reflect_pk(
        self, table_name, schema, table, cols_by_orig_name, exclude_columns
    ):
        pk_cons = self.get_pk_constraint(
            table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs
        )
        if pk_cons:
            pk_cols = [
                cols_by_orig_name[pk]
                for pk in pk_cons["constrained_columns"]
                if pk in cols_by_orig_name and pk not in exclude_columns
            ]

# update pk constraint name
            table.primary_key.name = pk_cons.get("name")

# tell the PKConstraint to re-initialize
            # its column collection
            table.primary_key._reload(pk_cols)

def _reflect_fk(
        self,
        table_name,
        schema,
        table,
        cols_by_orig_name,
        exclude_columns,
        resolve_fks,
        _extend_on,
        reflection_options,
    ):
        fkeys = self.get_foreign_keys(
            table_name, schema, **table.dialect_kwargs
        )
        for fkey_d in fkeys:
            conname = fkey_d["name"]
            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
            constrained_columns = [
                cols_by_orig_name[c].key if c in cols_by_orig_name else c
                for c in fkey_d["constrained_columns"]
            ]
            if exclude_columns and set(constrained_columns).intersection(
                exclude_columns
            ):
                continue
            referred_schema = fkey_d["referred_schema"]
            referred_table = fkey_d["referred_table"]
            referred_columns = fkey_d["referred_columns"]
            refspec = []
            if referred_schema is not None:
                if resolve_fks:
                    sa_schema.Table(
                        referred_table,
                        table.metadata,
                        autoload=True,
                        schema=referred_schema,
                        autoload_with=self.bind,
                        _extend_on=_extend_on,
                        **reflection_options
                    )
                for column in referred_columns:
                    refspec.append(
                        ".".join([referred_schema, referred_table, column])
                    )
            else:
                if resolve_fks:
                    sa_schema.Table(
                        referred_table,
                        table.metadata,
                        autoload=True,
                        autoload_with=self.bind,
                        schema=sa_schema.BLANK_SCHEMA,
                        _extend_on=_extend_on,
                        **reflection_options
                    )
                for column in referred_columns:
                    refspec.append(".".join([referred_table, column]))
            if "options" in fkey_d:
                options = fkey_d["options"]
            else:
                options = {}
            table.append_constraint(
                sa_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint(
                    constrained_columns,
                    refspec,
                    conname,
                    link_to_name=True,
                    **options
                )
            )

_index_sort_exprs = [
        ("asc", operators.asc_op),
        ("desc", operators.desc_op),
        ("nullsfirst", operators.nullsfirst_op),
        ("nullslast", operators.nullslast_op),
    ]

def _reflect_indexes(
        self,
        table_name,
        schema,
        table,
        cols_by_orig_name,
        include_columns,
        exclude_columns,
        reflection_options,
    ):
        # Indexes
        indexes = self.get_indexes(table_name, schema)
        for index_d in indexes:
            name = index_d["name"]
            columns = index_d["column_names"]
            column_sorting = index_d.get("column_sorting", {})
            unique = index_d["unique"]
            flavor = index_d.get("type", "index")
            dialect_options = index_d.get("dialect_options", {})

duplicates = index_d.get("duplicates_constraint")
            if include_columns and not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
                util.warn(
                    "Omitting %s key for (%s), key covers omitted columns."
                    % (flavor, ", ".join(columns))
                )
                continue
            if duplicates:
                continue
            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
            idx_cols = []
            for c in columns:
                try:
                    idx_col = (
                        cols_by_orig_name[c]
                        if c in cols_by_orig_name
                        else table.c[c]
                    )
                except KeyError:
                    util.warn(
                        "%s key '%s' was not located in "
                        "columns for table '%s'" % (flavor, c, table_name)
                    )
                    continue
                c_sorting = column_sorting.get(c, ())
                for k, op in self._index_sort_exprs:
                    if k in c_sorting:
                        idx_col = op(idx_col)
                idx_cols.append(idx_col)

sa_schema.Index(
                name,
                *idx_cols,
                _table=table,
                **dict(list(dialect_options.items()) + [("unique", unique)])
            )

def _reflect_unique_constraints(
        self,
        table_name,
        schema,
        table,
        cols_by_orig_name,
        include_columns,
        exclude_columns,
        reflection_options,
    ):

# Unique Constraints
        try:
            constraints = self.get_unique_constraints(table_name, schema)
        except NotImplementedError:
            # optional dialect feature
            return

for const_d in constraints:
            conname = const_d["name"]
            columns = const_d["column_names"]
            duplicates = const_d.get("duplicates_index")
            if include_columns and not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
                util.warn(
                    "Omitting unique constraint key for (%s), "
                    "key covers omitted columns." % ", ".join(columns)
                )
                continue
            if duplicates:
                continue
            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
            constrained_cols = []
            for c in columns:
                try:
                    constrained_col = (
                        cols_by_orig_name[c]
                        if c in cols_by_orig_name
                        else table.c[c]
                    )
                except KeyError:
                    util.warn(
                        "unique constraint key '%s' was not located in "
                        "columns for table '%s'" % (c, table_name)
                    )
                else:
                    constrained_cols.append(constrained_col)
            table.append_constraint(
                sa_schema.UniqueConstraint(*constrained_cols, name=conname)
            )

def _reflect_check_constraints(
        self,
        table_name,
        schema,
        table,
        cols_by_orig_name,
        include_columns,
        exclude_columns,
        reflection_options,
    ):
        try:
            constraints = self.get_check_constraints(table_name, schema)
        except NotImplementedError:
            # optional dialect feature
            return

for const_d in constraints:
            table.append_constraint(sa_schema.CheckConstraint(**const_d))

def _reflect_table_comment(
        self, table_name, schema, table, reflection_options
    ):
        try:
            comment_dict = self.get_table_comment(table_name, schema)
        except NotImplementedError:
            return
        else:
            table.comment = comment_dict.get("text", None)

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