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Utility classes and functions for the polynomial modules.
This module provides: error and warning objects; a polynomial base class;
and some routines used in both the `polynomial` and `chebyshev` modules.
Warning objects
---------------
.. autosummary::
:toctree: generated/
RankWarning raised in least-squares fit for rank-deficient matrix.
Functions
---------
.. autosummary::
:toctree: generated/
as_series convert list of array_likes into 1-D arrays of common type.
trimseq remove trailing zeros.
trimcoef remove small trailing coefficients.
getdomain return the domain appropriate for a given set of abscissae.
mapdomain maps points between domains.
mapparms parameters of the linear map between domains.
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Parameters
----------
seq : sequence
Sequence of Poly series coefficients. This routine fails for
empty sequences.
Returns
-------
series : sequence
Subsequence with trailing zeros removed. If the resulting sequence
would be empty, return the first element. The returned sequence may
or may not be a view.
Notes
-----
Do not lose the type info if the sequence contains unknown objects.
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Return argument as a list of 1-d arrays.
The returned list contains array(s) of dtype double, complex double, or
object. A 1-d argument of shape ``(N,)`` is parsed into ``N`` arrays of
size one; a 2-d argument of shape ``(M,N)`` is parsed into ``M`` arrays
of size ``N`` (i.e., is "parsed by row"); and a higher dimensional array
raises a Value Error if it is not first reshaped into either a 1-d or 2-d
array.
Parameters
----------
alist : array_like
A 1- or 2-d array_like
trim : boolean, optional
When True, trailing zeros are removed from the inputs.
When False, the inputs are passed through intact.
Returns
-------
[a1, a2,...] : list of 1-D arrays
A copy of the input data as a list of 1-d arrays.
Raises
------
ValueError
Raised when `as_series` cannot convert its input to 1-d arrays, or at
least one of the resulting arrays is empty.
Examples
--------
>>> from numpy.polynomial import polyutils as pu
>>> a = np.arange(4)
>>> pu.as_series(a)
[array([0.]), array([1.]), array([2.]), array([3.])]
>>> b = np.arange(6).reshape((2,3))
>>> pu.as_series(b)
[array([0., 1., 2.]), array([3., 4., 5.])]
>>> pu.as_series((1, np.arange(3), np.arange(2, dtype=np.float16)))
[array([1.]), array([0., 1., 2.]), array([0., 1.])]
>>> pu.as_series([2, [1.1, 0.]])
[array([2.]), array([1.1])]
>>> pu.as_series([2, [1.1, 0.]], trim=False)
[array([2.]), array([1.1, 0. ])]
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Remove "small" "trailing" coefficients from a polynomial.
"Small" means "small in absolute value" and is controlled by the
parameter `tol`; "trailing" means highest order coefficient(s), e.g., in
``[0, 1, 1, 0, 0]`` (which represents ``0 + x + x**2 + 0*x**3 + 0*x**4``)
both the 3-rd and 4-th order coefficients would be "trimmed."
Parameters
----------
c : array_like
1-d array of coefficients, ordered from lowest order to highest.
tol : number, optional
Trailing (i.e., highest order) elements with absolute value less
than or equal to `tol` (default value is zero) are removed.
Returns
-------
trimmed : ndarray
1-d array with trailing zeros removed. If the resulting series
would be empty, a series containing a single zero is returned.
Raises
------
ValueError
If `tol` < 0
See Also
--------
trimseq
Examples
--------
>>> from numpy.polynomial import polyutils as pu
>>> pu.trimcoef((0,0,3,0,5,0,0))
array([0., 0., 3., 0., 5.])
>>> pu.trimcoef((0,0,1e-3,0,1e-5,0,0),1e-3) # item == tol is trimmed
array([0.])
>>> i = complex(0,1) # works for complex
>>> pu.trimcoef((3e-4,1e-3*(1-i),5e-4,2e-5*(1+i)), 1e-3)
array([0.0003+0.j , 0.001 -0.001j])
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Return a domain suitable for given abscissae.
Find a domain suitable for a polynomial or Chebyshev series
defined at the values supplied.
Parameters
----------
x : array_like
1-d array of abscissae whose domain will be determined.
Returns
-------
domain : ndarray
1-d array containing two values. If the inputs are complex, then
the two returned points are the lower left and upper right corners
of the smallest rectangle (aligned with the axes) in the complex
plane containing the points `x`. If the inputs are real, then the
two points are the ends of the smallest interval containing the
points `x`.
See Also
--------
mapparms, mapdomain
Examples
--------
>>> from numpy.polynomial import polyutils as pu
>>> points = np.arange(4)**2 - 5; points
array([-5, -4, -1, 4])
>>> pu.getdomain(points)
array([-5., 4.])
>>> c = np.exp(complex(0,1)*np.pi*np.arange(12)/6) # unit circle
>>> pu.getdomain(c)
array([-1.-1.j, 1.+1.j])
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Parameters
----------
old, new : array_like
Domains. Each domain must (successfully) convert to a 1-d array
containing precisely two values.
Returns
-------
offset, scale : scalars
The map ``L(x) = offset + scale*x`` maps the first domain to the
second.
See Also
--------
getdomain, mapdomain
Notes
-----
Also works for complex numbers, and thus can be used to calculate the
parameters required to map any line in the complex plane to any other
line therein.
Examples
--------
>>> from numpy.polynomial import polyutils as pu
>>> pu.mapparms((-1,1),(-1,1))
(0.0, 1.0)
>>> pu.mapparms((1,-1),(-1,1))
(-0.0, -1.0)
>>> i = complex(0,1)
>>> pu.mapparms((-i,-1),(1,i))
((1+1j), (1-0j))
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Apply linear map to input points.
The linear map ``offset + scale*x`` that maps the domain `old` to
the domain `new` is applied to the points `x`.
Parameters
----------
x : array_like
Points to be mapped. If `x` is a subtype of ndarray the subtype
will be preserved.
old, new : array_like
The two domains that determine the map. Each must (successfully)
convert to 1-d arrays containing precisely two values.
Returns
-------
x_out : ndarray
Array of points of the same shape as `x`, after application of the
linear map between the two domains.
See Also
--------
getdomain, mapparms
Notes
-----
Effectively, this implements:
.. math::
x\_out = new[0] + m(x - old[0])
where
.. math::
m = \frac{new[1]-new[0]}{old[1]-old[0]}
Examples
--------
>>> from numpy.polynomial import polyutils as pu
>>> old_domain = (-1,1)
>>> new_domain = (0,2*np.pi)
>>> x = np.linspace(-1,1,6); x
array([-1. , -0.6, -0.2, 0.2, 0.6, 1. ])
>>> x_out = pu.mapdomain(x, old_domain, new_domain); x_out
array([ 0. , 1.25663706, 2.51327412, 3.76991118, 5.02654825, # may vary
6.28318531])
>>> x - pu.mapdomain(x_out, new_domain, old_domain)
array([0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.])
Also works for complex numbers (and thus can be used to map any line in
the complex plane to any other line therein).
>>> i = complex(0,1)
>>> old = (-1 - i, 1 + i)
>>> new = (-1 + i, 1 - i)
>>> z = np.linspace(old[0], old[1], 6); z
array([-1. -1.j , -0.6-0.6j, -0.2-0.2j, 0.2+0.2j, 0.6+0.6j, 1. +1.j ])
>>> new_z = pu.mapdomain(z, old, new); new_z
array([-1.0+1.j , -0.6+0.6j, -0.2+0.2j, 0.2-0.2j, 0.6-0.6j, 1.0-1.j ]) # may vary
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A generalization of the Vandermonde matrix for N dimensions
The result is built by combining the results of 1d Vandermonde matrices,
.. math::
W[i_0, \ldots, i_M, j_0, \ldots, j_N] = \prod_{k=0}^N{V_k(x_k)[i_0, \ldots, i_M, j_k]}
where
.. math::
N &= \texttt{len(points)} = \texttt{len(degrees)} = \texttt{len(vander\_fs)} \\
M &= \texttt{points[k].ndim} \\
V_k &= \texttt{vander\_fs[k]} \\
x_k &= \texttt{points[k]} \\
0 \le j_k &\le \texttt{degrees[k]}
Expanding the one-dimensional :math:`V_k` functions gives:
.. math::
W[i_0, \ldots, i_M, j_0, \ldots, j_N] = \prod_{k=0}^N{B_{k, j_k}(x_k[i_0, \ldots, i_M])}
where :math:`B_{k,m}` is the m'th basis of the polynomial construction used along
dimension :math:`k`. For a regular polynomial, :math:`B_{k, m}(x) = P_m(x) = x^m`.
Parameters
----------
vander_fs : Sequence[function(array_like, int) -> ndarray]
The 1d vander function to use for each axis, such as ``polyvander``
points : Sequence[array_like]
Arrays of point coordinates, all of the same shape. The dtypes
will be converted to either float64 or complex128 depending on
whether any of the elements are complex. Scalars are converted to
1-D arrays.
This must be the same length as `vander_fs`.
degrees : Sequence[int]
The maximum degree (inclusive) to use for each axis.
This must be the same length as `vander_fs`.
Returns
-------
vander_nd : ndarray
An array of shape ``points[0].shape + tuple(d + 1 for d in degrees)``.
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Used to implement the public ``vanderd`` functions.
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Helper function used to implement the ``fromroots`` functions.
Parameters
----------
line_f : function(float, float) -> ndarray
The ``line`` function, such as ``polyline``
mul_f : function(array_like, array_like) -> ndarray
The ``mul`` function, such as ``polymul``
roots
See the ``fromroots`` functions for more detail
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val_f : function(array_like, array_like, tensor: bool) -> array_like
The ``val`` function, such as ``polyval``
c, args
See the ``vald`` functions for more detail
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Helper function used to implement the ``gridd`` functions.
Parameters
----------
val_f : function(array_like, array_like, tensor: bool) -> array_like
The ``val`` function, such as ``polyval``
c, args
See the ``gridd`` functions for more detail
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Helper function used to implement the ``div`` functions.
Implementation uses repeated subtraction of c2 multiplied by the nth basis.
For some polynomial types, a more efficient approach may be possible.
Parameters
----------
mul_f : function(array_like, array_like) -> array_like
The ``mul`` function, such as ``polymul``
c1, c2
See the ``div`` functions for more detail
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Helper function used to implement the ``fit`` functions.
Parameters
----------
vander_f : function(array_like, int) -> ndarray
The 1d vander function, such as ``polyvander``
c1, c2
See the ``fit`` functions for more detail
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Helper function used to implement the ``pow`` functions.
Parameters
----------
mul_f : function(array_like, array_like) -> ndarray
The ``mul`` function, such as ``polymul``
c : array_like
1-D array of array of series coefficients
pow, maxpower
See the ``pow`` functions for more detail
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Like `operator.index`, but emits a deprecation warning when passed a float
Parameters
----------
x : int-like, or float with integral value
Value to interpret as an integer
desc : str
description to include in any error message
Raises
------
TypeError : if x is a non-integral float or non-numeric
DeprecationWarning : if x is an integral float
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