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An extensible library for opening URLs using a variety of protocols
The simplest way to use this module is to call the urlopen function,
which accepts a string containing a URL or a Request object (described
below). It opens the URL and returns the results as file-like
object; the returned object has some extra methods described below.
The OpenerDirector manages a collection of Handler objects that do
all the actual work. Each Handler implements a particular protocol or
option. The OpenerDirector is a composite object that invokes the
Handlers needed to open the requested URL. For example, the
HTTPHandler performs HTTP GET and POST requests and deals with
non-error returns. The HTTPRedirectHandler automatically deals with
HTTP 301, 302, 303 and 307 redirect errors, and the HTTPDigestAuthHandler
deals with digest authentication.
urlopen(url, data=None) -- Basic usage is the same as original
urllib. pass the url and optionally data to post to an HTTP URL, and
get a file-like object back. One difference is that you can also pass
a Request instance instead of URL. Raises a URLError (subclass of
OSError); for HTTP errors, raises an HTTPError, which can also be
treated as a valid response.
build_opener -- Function that creates a new OpenerDirector instance.
Will install the default handlers. Accepts one or more Handlers as
arguments, either instances or Handler classes that it will
instantiate. If one of the argument is a subclass of the default
handler, the argument will be installed instead of the default.
install_opener -- Installs a new opener as the default opener.
objects of interest:
OpenerDirector -- Sets up the User Agent as the Python-urllib client and manages
the Handler classes, while dealing with requests and responses.
Request -- An object that encapsulates the state of a request. The
state can be as simple as the URL. It can also include extra HTTP
headers, e.g. a User-Agent.
BaseHandler --
internals:
BaseHandler and parent
_call_chain conventions
Example usage:
import urllib.request
# set up authentication info
authinfo = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler()
authinfo.add_password(realm='PDQ Application',
uri='https://mahler:8092/site-updates.py',
user='klem',
passwd='geheim$parole')
proxy_support = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({"http" : "http://ahad-haam:3128"})
# build a new opener that adds authentication and caching FTP handlers
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_support, authinfo,
urllib.request.CacheFTPHandler)
# install it
urllib.request.install_opener(opener)
f = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.python.org/')
é N)ÚURLErrorÚ HTTPErrorÚContentTooShortError)ÚurlparseÚurlsplitÚurljoinÚunwrapÚquoteÚunquoteÚ splittypeÚ splithostÚ splitportÚ splituserÚ splitpasswdÚ splitattrÚ
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getproxiesÚ urlretrieveÚ
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Open the URL url, which can be either a string or a Request object.
*data* must be an object specifying additional data to be sent to
the server, or None if no such data is needed. See Request for
details.
urllib.request module uses HTTP/1.1 and includes a "Connection:close"
header in its HTTP requests.
The optional *timeout* parameter specifies a timeout in seconds for
blocking operations like the connection attempt (if not specified, the
global default timeout setting will be used). This only works for HTTP,
HTTPS and FTP connections.
If *context* is specified, it must be a ssl.SSLContext instance describing
the various SSL options. See HTTPSConnection for more details.
The optional *cafile* and *capath* parameters specify a set of trusted CA
certificates for HTTPS requests. cafile should point to a single file
containing a bundle of CA certificates, whereas capath should point to a
directory of hashed certificate files. More information can be found in
ssl.SSLContext.load_verify_locations().
The *cadefault* parameter is ignored.
This function always returns an object which can work as a context
manager and has methods such as
* geturl() - return the URL of the resource retrieved, commonly used to
determine if a redirect was followed
* info() - return the meta-information of the page, such as headers, in the
form of an email.message_from_string() instance (see Quick Reference to
HTTP Headers)
* getcode() - return the HTTP status code of the response. Raises URLError
on errors.
For HTTP and HTTPS URLs, this function returns a http.client.HTTPResponse
object slightly modified. In addition to the three new methods above, the
msg attribute contains the same information as the reason attribute ---
the reason phrase returned by the server --- instead of the response
headers as it is specified in the documentation for HTTPResponse.
For FTP, file, and data URLs and requests explicitly handled by legacy
URLopener and FancyURLopener classes, this function returns a
urllib.response.addinfourl object.
Note that None may be returned if no handler handles the request (though
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this never happens).
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environment variable like http_proxy is set), ProxyHandler is default
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z FancyURLopener.http_error_302c C sx d|kr|d }nd|kr$|d }nd S | ¡ t| jd | |ƒ}t|ƒ}|jdkrnt|||d| ||ƒ‚| |¡S )Nrô rõ rÍ )rÐ r‘ rö rm z( Redirection to url '%s' is not allowed.)rà r rŠ r rû r rG ) r rH rc rî rï rd rI rò r rL rL rM r | s
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¡ dkrtt | |||||¡ |sŒt | |||||¡ d| j d } |dkr²t| | ƒ|| ƒS t| | ƒ|| |ƒS dS )zeError 407 -- proxy authentication required.
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r rH rc rî rï rd rI rt r r rû r rZ rL rL rM rN À s&
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z%FancyURLopener.retry_https_basic_authr c C s` |d | ¡ }|| jkr2|r(| j|= n
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z FancyURLopener.get_user_passwdc C sT ddl }y,td||f ƒ}| d|||f ¡}||fS tk
rN tƒ dS X dS )z#Override this in a GUI environment!r Nz Enter username for %s at %s: z#Enter password for %s in %s at %s: )NN)ÚgetpassÚinputÚKeyboardInterruptÚprint)r ru r r r
r rL rL rM r $ s z!FancyURLopener.prompt_user_passwd)N)N)N)N)NF)NF)N)N)N)N)r )r r¡ r¢ rç r‚ rÑ r r r r r rM rN r r r? r
r r rL rL rL rM r9 ] s$
c C s t dkrt d¡a t S )z8Return the IP address of the magic hostname 'localhost'.NrŽ )Ú
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rŽ c C sP t dkrLytt t ¡ ¡d ƒa W n( tjk
rJ tt d¡d ƒa Y nX t S )z,Return the IP addresses of the current host.Nr: rŽ )Ú _thishostr rÔ r“ r” r• rL rL rL rM rõ < s rõ c C s t dkrddl} | ja t S )z1Return the set of errors raised by the FTP class.Nr )Ú
_ftperrorsr« r± )r« rL rL rM rø G s rø c C s t dkrt d¡a t S )z%Return an empty email Message object.Nrm )Ú
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r ru r) r¶ rJ ÚrefcountÚ keepaliveÚinitrà )r r
r ru r) r¶ rJ r¼ rL rL rM r‚ ] s zftpwrapper.__init__c C s\ dd l }d| _| ¡ | _| j | j| j| j¡ | j | j | j
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r rÆ r¶ Úcwd)r r« Z_targetrL rL rM r m s
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real_close)r rL rL rM rà ¦ s
zftpwrapper.closec C s2 | ¡ | jd8 _| jdkr.| js.| ¡ d S )NrR r )r r r r" )r rL rL rM r « s zftpwrapper.file_closec C s2 | ¡ y| j ¡ W n tƒ k
r, Y nX d S )N)r rö rà rø )r rL rL rM r" ± s
zftpwrapper.real_close)NT) r r¡ r¢ rç r‚ r r° r rà r r" rL rL rL rM r½ Z s
-r½ c C s¼ i } xBt j ¡ D ]4\}}| ¡ }|r|dd… dkr|| |dd… < qW dt jkr^| dd¡ xXt j ¡ D ]J\}}|dd… dkrj| ¡ }|r || |dd… < qj| |dd… d¡ qjW | S )a Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings.
Scan the environment for variables named _proxy;
this seems to be the standard convention. If you need a
different way, you can pass a proxies dictionary to the
[Fancy]URLopener constructor.
iúÿÿÿNÚ_proxyZREQUEST_METHODrÐ )rV Úenvironrz rs rš )r rZ r rL rL rM Úgetproxies_environment¹ s
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r˜ rI r rÔ r– rl ÚgroupÚcountr] ) ru Úproxy_settingsr+ r) r) r- ZhostIPr ró r* ÚmaskrL rL rM Ú _proxy_bypass_macosx_sysconfý s:
r4 Údarwin)Ú_get_proxy_settingsÚ _get_proxiesc C s t ƒ }t| |ƒS )N)r6 r4 )ru r2 rL rL rM Úproxy_bypass_macosx_sysconf<
s r8 c C s t ƒ S )z±Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings.
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s r9 c C s t ƒ }|rt| |ƒS t| ƒS dS )z¸Return True, if host should be bypassed.
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r Nz;Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet SettingsÚ ProxyEnableZ ProxyServerrˆ rú rR z
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nturl2pathr4 r3 rÝ r8 r9 r rŽ r rõ r rø r r r½ r% r* r4 ÚplatformZ_scproxyr6 r7 r8 r9 r r5 rC rE rL rL rL rM ÚD sê P
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